Kamis, 28 Oktober 2010

SUMPAH PEMUDA

Youth Pledge

The Youth Pledge (Indonesian: Sumpah Pemuda), was a declaration made on 28 October 1928 by young Indonesian nationalists at a conference in the then-Dutch East Indies. They proclaimed three ideals, one motherland, one nation and one language[1].

Background

The first Indonesian youth congress was held in Batavia, capital of the then-Dutch East Indies in 1926, but produced no formal decisions but did promote the idea of a united Indonesia. In October 1928, the second Indonesian youth congress was held at three different locations. In the first session, the hope was expressed that the congress would inspire the feeling of unity. The second session saw discussions about educational issues. In the third and final session, held at Jalan Kramat Raya No, 126, on October 28 participants heard the future Indonesian national anthem Indonesia Raya by Wage Rudolf Supratman. The congress closed with a reading of the youth pledge[2][3].

The pledge

In Indonesian, with the original spelling, the pledge reads[2]:
Pertama
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mengakoe bertoempah darah jang satoe, tanah air Indonesia.
Kedoea
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mengakoe berbangsa jang satoe, bangsa Indonesia.
Ketiga
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa Indonesia.
In English:
Firstly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one motherland, Indonesia.
Secondly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one nation, the nation of Indonesia.
Thirdly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, respect the language of unity, Indonesian.

BUKITTINGGI

Bukittinggi (Indonesian for "high hill") is one of the larger cities in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of over 91,000 people and an area of 25.24 km². It is situated in the Minangkabau highlands, 90 km by road from the West Sumatran capital city of Padang. It is located at 0°18′20″S 100°22′9″E / 0.30556°S 100.36917°E / -0.30556; 100.36917, near the volcanoes Mount Singgalang (inactive) and Mount Marapi (still active). At 930 m above sea level, the city has a cool climate with temperatures between 16.1°-24.9°C.

History

Fort de Kock in 1826
The city has its origins in five villages which served as the basis for a marketplace.[1]
The city was known as Fort de Kock during colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the Padri War. The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Hendrik Merkus de Kock.[2] The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy.[3] In 1856 a teacher-training college (Kweekschool) was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide educational opportunities to the indigenous population.[4] A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894.[5]
During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II, the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force which occupied Sumatra. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from Singapore, and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.[6]
Mosque in central Bukittinggi
During the Indonesian National Revolution, the city was the headquarters for the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) from December 19, 1948 to July 13, 1949. During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on December 22, 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognized Indonesian sovereignty.[7]
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year.
A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity.[8] Since 2008 the city administration has banned Valentine's Day and New Year's celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam, and can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.[9]

Administration

Bukittinggi is divided in 3 subdistricts (kecamatan), which are further divided into 5 villages (nagari) and 24 kelurahan. The subdistricts are:
Guguk Panjang, Mandiangin Koto Selayan, and Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh.

[edit] Transportation

Bukittinggi is connected to Padang by road, though a dysfunctional railway line also exists. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as Mersi (Merapi Singgalang) and IKABE that connect locations within the city. The city also still preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as Bendi, although the use is limited and more popular to be used as vehicle for tourist, both domestic and foreign.

Tourism

It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Attractions within the city include:
Sianok Canyon
  • Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Canyon)
  • Lobang Jepang (Japanese Caves) - a network of underground bunkers & tunnels built by the Japanese during World War II
  • Jam Gadang - a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926.
  • Pasar Atas and Pasar Bawah - traditional markets in downtown.
  • Taman Bundo Kanduang park. The park includes a replica Rumah Gadang (literally: big house, with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture, and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the Limpapeh pedestrian overpass.
  • Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace) - the house where Indonesian founding father Mohammad Hatta was born, now a museum. [10]
Notable nearby destinations include Lake Maninjau and the Harau Valley.

Kamis, 07 Oktober 2010

TOPOLOGI JARINGAN


Topologi Jaringan adalah gambaran perencanaan hubungan antara computer dalam Local Area Network, yang umumnya menggunakan kabel (sebagai media transmisi), dengan konektor, ethernet card, dan perangkat pendukung lainnya
Jenis-Jenis Topologi jaringan
A.    Topologi Bus

Topologi ini merupakan bentangan satu kabel yang kedua ujungnya tertutup, dimana sepanjang kabel terdapat node-node. Signal kabel dengan topologi ini dilewati satu arah sehingga memungkinan sebuah collision terjadi.
Keuntungan:
·        Murah, karena tidak memakai banyak media, kabel yang dipakai sudah umum.
·        Setiap computer dapat saling berhubungan langsung.
Kelemahan:
·        Sering terjadi hang/crass talk, yaitu bila lebih dari satu pasang memakai jalur diwaktu yang sama, harus bergantian atau ditambah relay.


B.     Topologi Ring
Topologi jaringan yang berupa lingkaran tertutup yang berisi node-node. Signal mengalir dalam 2 arah sehingga dapat menghindarkan terjadinya collision, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya pergerakan data yang sangat cepat.
Keuntungan:
·        Kegagalan koneksi akibat gangguan media dapat diatasi dengan jalur lain yang masuh terhubung.
·        Penggunaan sambungan point to point membuat transmission error dapat diperkecil.
Kerugian:
·        Data yang dikirim bila melalui banyak computer, transfer data akan menjadi lambat








C.     Topologi Star
Karakteristik dari topologi jaringan inia adalah node (station) berkomunikasi langsung dengan station lain melalui central node (hub/switch), traffic data mengalir dari node ke central node dan diteruskan ke node (station) tujuan. Jika salah satu segmen kabel putus, jaringan lain tidak akan putus
Keuntungan:
·        Akses ke station lain cepat
·        Dapat menerima workstation baru selama port di centralnode
·        Hub/switch bertindak sebagai konsentrator
·        Hub/switch dapat disusun secara seri (bertingkat) untuk menambah jumlah station yang terkoneksi di jaringan
·        User dapat lebih banyak disbanding topologi lain
Kerugian:
·        Bila traffic data cukup tingi dan terjadi collision, maka semua komunikasi akan ditunda, dan koneksi akan dilanjutkan/dipersilahkan dengan cara random, apabila hub/switch mendetect tidak ada jalur yang sedang dipergunakan node lain.

D.    Topologi Tree/Hierarchial
Tidak semua stasiun mempunyai kedudukan sama. Stasiun  kedudukannya lebih tinggi menguasai stasiun dibawahnya, sehingga jangan sangat tergantung dengan statsiun dengan kedudukannya lebih tinggi (hierarchial topology) dan kedudukan statsiun yang sama disebut peer topology




E.     Topology Mesh
Merupakan topologi khusus yang dapat dibuat dengan pengkabelan karena sistemnya yang rumit, namun dengan teknlogi wireless topologi ini sangat memungkinkan untuk diwujudkan
Topologi jaringan ini menerapkan hubungan antar sentral secara penuh. Jumlah saluran harus disediakan untuk membentuk jaringan Mesh adalah jumlah sentral dikurangi 1 (n-1, n= jumlah sentral)